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Picolibc

Picolibc is a complete C library implementation written for the embedded systems, targeting C17 (ISO/IEC 9899:2018) and POSIX 2018 (IEEE Std 1003.1-2017) standards. Picolibc is an external open source project which is provided for Zephyr as a module, and included as part of the Zephyr SDK in precompiled form for each supported architecture (libc.a).

Note

Picolibc is also available for other 3rd-party toolchains, such as GNU Arm Embedded.

Zephyr implements the “API hook” functions that are invoked by the C standard library functions in the Picolibc. These hook functions are implemented in lib/libc/picolibc/libc-hooks.c and translate the library internal system calls to the equivalent Zephyr API calls.

Picolibc Module

When built as a Zephyr module, there are several configuration knobs available to adjust the feature set in the library, balancing what the library supports versus the code size of the resulting functions. Because the standard C++ library must be compiled for the target C library, the Picolibc module cannot be used with applications which use the standard C++ library. Building the Picolibc module will increase the time it takes to compile the application.

The Picolibc module can be enabled by selecting CONFIG_PICOLIBC_USE_MODULE in the application configuration file.

When updating the Picolibc module to a newer version, the toolchain-bundled Picolibc in the Zephyr SDK must also be updated to the same version.

Toolchain Picolibc

Starting with version 0.16, the Zephyr SDK includes precompiled versions of Picolibc for every target architecture, along with precompiled versions of libstdc++.

The toolchain version of Picolibc can be enabled by de-selecting CONFIG_PICOLIBC_USE_MODULE in the application configuration file.

For every release of Zephyr, the toolchain-bundled Picolibc and the Picolibc module are guaranteed to be in sync when using the recommended version of Zephyr SDK.

Building Without Toolchain bundled Picolibc

For toolchain where there is no bundled Picolibc, it is still possible to use Picolibc by building it from source. Note that any restrictions mentioned in Picolibc Module still apply.

To build without toolchain bundled Picolibc, the toolchain must enable CONFIG_PICOLIBC_SUPPORTED. For example, this needs to be added to the toolchain Kconfig file:

config TOOLCHAIN_<name>_PICOLIBC_SUPPORTED
   def_bool y
   select PICOLIBC_SUPPORTED

By enabling CONFIG_PICOLIBC_SUPPORTED, the build system would automatically build Picolibc from source with its module when there is no toolchain bundled Picolibc.

Formatted Output

Picolibc supports all standard C formatted input and output functions, including printf(), fprintf(), sprintf() and sscanf().

Picolibc formatted input and output function implementation supports all format specifiers defined by the C17 and POSIX 2018 standards with the following exceptions:

Printk, cbprintf and friends

When using Picolibc, Zephyr formatted output functions are implemented in terms of stdio calls. This includes:

  • printk, snprintk and vsnprintk

  • cbprintf and cbvprintf

  • fprintfcb, vfprintfcb, printfcb, vprintfcb, snprintfcb and vsnprintfcb

When using tagged args (CONFIG_CBPRINTF_PACKAGE_SUPPORT_TAGGED_ARGUMENTS and CBPRINTF_PACKAGE_ARGS_ARE_TAGGED), calls to cbpprintf will not use Picolibc, so formatting of output using those code will differ from Picolibc results as the cbprintf functions are not completely C/POSIX compliant.

Math Functions

Picolibc provides full C17/IEEE STD 754-2019 support for float, double and long double math operations, except for long double versions of the Bessel functions.

Thread Local Storage

Picolibc uses Thread Local Storage (TLS) (where supported) for data which is supposed to remain local to each thread, like errno. This means that TLS support is enabled when using Picolibc. As all TLS variables are allocated out of the thread stack area, this can affect stack size requirements by a few bytes.

C Library Local Variables

Picolibc uses a few internal variables for things like heap management. These are collected in a dedicated memory partition called z_libc_partition. Applications using CONFIG_USERSPACE and memory domains must ensure that this partition is included in any domain active during Picolibc calls.

Dynamic Memory Management

Picolibc uses the malloc api family implementation provided by the common C library, which itself is built upon the kernel memory heap API.